Renal, Urology and Electrolytes
24 free practice questions shared by students. Answer them right here — no account needed.
A 78-year-old man presents with three days of inability to pass urine and a painful lower abdomen, on a background of months of a poor stream and nocturia. A ur…
Pre-internship · niche
A 63-year-old man who has smoked for 40 years and worked for 20 years in a tyre factory reports that on two occasions in the last month his urine has been brigh…
Clinical rotations · common
A 74-year-old man is on day 2 after an emergency Hartmann procedure for perforated diverticulitis. He takes spironolactone and perindopril for heart failure. He…
Pre-internship · common
A 24-year-old man presents with dark brown urine that began the day after the onset of a sore throat. He recalls two similar episodes in the past two years, eac…
Clinical rotations · middle twist
A 68-year-old woman with recently diagnosed small cell lung cancer is brought in after a generalised tonic-clonic seizure at home. Over three days she has becom…
Pre-internship · middle twist
A 72-year-old woman with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma presents with confusion, constipation and weakness. Her serum calcium is 4.18 mmol/L (2.10–2.60), crea…
Clinical rotations · middle twist
A 68-year-old man with a recent transurethral resection of a bladder tumour presents with worsening suprapubic pain and inability to pass urine. He has passed b…
Clinical rotations · middle twist
A 63-year-old man with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma has persistent thirst, vomiting and confusion. After intravenous saline, his serum calcium concentrati…
Clinical rotations · middle twist
A 72-year-old man with diabetic kidney disease takes perindopril and spironolactone. He has a serum potassium concentration of 6.2 mmol/L (3.5–5.2), chloride 11…
Clinical rotations · middle twist
A 29-year-old man presents after completing an unusually strenuous cross-country event with severe thigh pain and dark urine. His creatinine concentration is 28…
Clinical rotations · common
A 54-year-old woman is treated for symptomatic hyponatraemia that has probably been present for several days. Her initial serum sodium concentration was 108 mmo…
Clinical rotations · niche
A 68-year-old man with chronic kidney disease is admitted with pneumonia and has received intravenous fluids, calcium gluconate and insulin with glucose for a s…
Clinical rotations · middle twist
A 62-year-old woman who takes sertraline for depression is brought to the emergency department after a witnessed generalised tonic-clonic seizure at home. She i…
Clinical rotations · common
A 23-year-old man presents because his urine has turned dark brown, which he noticed this morning. Two days ago he developed a sore throat and runny nose, which…
Clinical rotations · common
A 76-year-old woman taking perindopril for hypertension and regular ibuprofen for knee osteoarthritis presents after three days of vomiting and watery diarrhoea…
Clinical rotations · common
A 45-year-old woman has a 7-mm calculus in the distal ureter on non-contrast CT. Her pain is controlled with oral analgesia, creatinine is normal, and she is af…
Clinical rotations · middle twist
A 38-year-old woman has recurrent episodes of visible haematuria, but her renal function is normal and urine protein excretion is minimal. The episodes begin wi…
Clinical rotations · common
A 70-year-old man with diabetic kidney disease takes ramipril and spironolactone. Routine testing shows potassium 6.4 mmol/L, confirmed on a non-haemolysed samp…
Clinical rotations · middle twist
A 42-year-old man presents with haemoptysis, fatigue and rapidly worsening renal function. Creatinine is 486 micromol/L, urine microscopy shows dysmorphic red c…
Clinical rotations · middle twist
A 67-year-old woman develops oliguria and a creatinine rise from 84 to 310 micromol/L after several days of septic shock. Urinalysis shows 2+ blood but no signi…
Clinical rotations · common