Hyponatraemia

A 68-year-old woman with recently diagnosed small cell lung cancer is brought in after a generalised tonic-clonic seizure at home. Over three days she has becom…

Renal, Urology and Electrolytes · Pre-internship · middle twist

A 34-year-old man is seen in the medical tent 20 minutes after finishing a marathon run on a cool, overcast morning. He drank water at every drink station. He h…

Physiology · Foundations · common

A 24-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department after drinking approximately 8 L of water during a long-distance event. She is drowsy and has a serum…

Neurology · Clinical rotations · common

A 54-year-old woman is treated for symptomatic hyponatraemia that has probably been present for several days. Her initial serum sodium concentration was 108 mmo…

Renal, Urology and Electrolytes · Clinical rotations · niche

An 82-year-old woman becomes confused and unsteady over three days while being treated for depression and hypertension. She is euvolaemic, her serum sodium is 1…

Geriatrics and Palliative Care · Clinical rotations · common

A 46-year-old woman presents with a generalised tonic-clonic seizure. Serum sodium is 112 mmol/L, serum osmolality is 240 mOsm/kg and glucose is 5.2 mmol/L. She…

Neurology · Clinical rotations · common

A 35-year-old man reports drinking approximately 6 L of water daily because of anxiety about dehydration. He is alert, euvolaemic and not taking diuretics or an…

Renal, Urology and Electrolytes · Clinical rotations · common